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Sarthak Srivastava

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System Design

46 Topics

Introduction to System Design Scalability Availability & Reliability CAP Theorem Latency & Throughput Back-of-Envelope Estimation

Roadmap →Cheatsheet →Interview Q&A →

LearnSystem Design

🏗️

Core CSAdvanced

System Design

System Design interviews separate junior engineers from senior engineers at top companies. This track teaches you both Low-Level Design (LLD) — OOP, design patterns, class diagrams — and High-Level Design (HLD) — distributed systems, scalability, fault tolerance, CAP theorem, and real-world architecture design for systems like WhatsApp, Netflix, Uber, and Twitter.

110+ Topics

8–12 weeks

20–80 LPA

Start Learning →View Roadmap

Foundations

Introduction to System Design

LLD vs HLD, interview approach, how to structure answers

Vertical vs horizontal scaling, scaling challenges, stateless vs stateful services

Availability & Reliability

Nines of availability (99.9, 99.99), MTTR, MTBF, fault tolerance, redundancy

Consistency, Availability, Partition Tolerance — trade-offs and real-world implications

Latency & Throughput

Latency numbers every engineer should know, throughput optimization, bottleneck identification

Back-of-Envelope Estimation

Traffic estimation, storage calculation, bandwidth requirements, QPS calculation

Networking & APIs

REST API Design

REST principles, HTTP methods, status codes, versioning, pagination, rate limiting

Schema, queries, mutations, subscriptions, comparison with REST, N+1 problem

gRPC & Protobuf

Protocol Buffers, streaming, service definition, when to use gRPC over REST

WebSockets & SSE

Real-time communication, long polling, SSE, WebSocket protocol, use cases

Rate limiting, authentication, load balancing, service aggregation, Kong, AWS API Gateway

Databases

ACID vs BASE, when to use which, polyglot persistence strategy

Database Sharding

Horizontal partitioning, shard key selection, consistent hashing, resharding

Database Replication

Master-replica, multi-master, synchronous vs asynchronous, read replicas

Indexing Strategies

B-Tree, B+ Tree, Hash indexes, covering index, partial index, composite index

Distributed Transactions

2PC, Saga pattern, eventual consistency, optimistic locking, compensation

Caching

Caching Fundamentals

Cache hit/miss, cache types, cache invalidation, TTL, eviction policies (LRU, LFU)

Redis in System Design

Data types, pub/sub, distributed locks, cache-aside pattern, write-through, write-back

CDN (Content Delivery Network)

Edge servers, push vs pull CDN, cache warming, Cloudflare, AWS CloudFront

Message Queues & Streaming

Async communication, producers/consumers, dead letter queues, RabbitMQ, SQS

Topics, partitions, consumer groups, offsets, log compaction, Kafka use cases

Event-Driven Architecture

Events vs commands, CQRS, Event Sourcing, outbox pattern

Infrastructure

Round-robin, least connections, IP hash, L4 vs L7, Nginx, AWS ELB

Consistent Hashing

Hash ring, virtual nodes, adding/removing nodes, use in distributed caches

Service Discovery

Client-side vs server-side, Consul, Eureka, Kubernetes service discovery

Microservices Architecture

Monolith vs microservices, service boundaries, inter-service communication, trade-offs

Observability & Distributed Tracing

Logging, metrics, tracing, OpenTelemetry, Jaeger, Prometheus, Grafana

Low-Level Design (LLD)

SOLID Principles

SRP, OCP, LSP, ISP, DIP with UML and code examples

Design Patterns for LLD

Strategy, Observer, Factory, Builder, Decorator, Adapter, Command

UML Class Diagrams

Classes, relationships (association, aggregation, composition, inheritance), multiplicities

LLD: Parking Lot System

Complete design — classes, interfaces, design decisions, extensibility

LLD: Library Management

Books, members, loans, fines, search — complete class design

LLD: Elevator System

Floors, buttons, controller, scheduling algorithm, state machine

LLD: Chess Game

Board, pieces, moves, check/checkmate logic, design decisions

LLD: Rate Limiter

Token bucket, leaky bucket, sliding window counter, fixed window

High-Level Design Case Studies

HLD: URL Shortener (Bitly)

Hashing strategy, redirection, analytics, scale estimation, database choice

HLD: Chat System (WhatsApp)

Real-time messaging, WebSockets, message persistence, end-to-end encryption, notifications

HLD: Video Streaming (Netflix)

Video encoding, CDN distribution, recommendation system, microservices

HLD: Social Media Feed (Twitter/X)

Fan-out on write vs read, timeline generation, celebrity problem, search

HLD: Ride Sharing (Uber)

Driver matching, GPS tracking, surge pricing, geospatial indexing (Geohash)

HLD: Photo Sharing (Instagram)

Image storage (S3), CDN, feed generation, DDOS protection, search

HLD: File Storage (Google Drive)

Chunking, deduplication, sync mechanism, conflict resolution, versioning

HLD: Payment System (Razorpay)

Transaction atomicity, idempotency, double-spend prevention, reconciliation

Interview Preparation

System Design Interview Framework

How to approach any system design problem in 45 minutes

Common System Design Questions

50 most asked system design questions with approach guide

System Design Cheatsheet

Quick reference for numbers, patterns, and components

Companies Using System Design

GoogleAmazonMicrosoftMetaUberAirbnbFlipkartRazorpay